D is liable for conversion, and will be required to pay P the full value of the car (though D gets to keep the car). Damages for … (Example: D shoots a gun at P, trying to hit him. Intentional infliction of emotional distress is defined in Restatement (Second) of Torts §46(1) (1965) as: The elements of a claim are: (1) the defendant must act intentionally or recklessly; (2) the defendant’s conduct must be extreme or outrageous; and (3) the conduct must be the cause (4) of extreme emotional … As between a person injured and the one who has diminished capacity, the equity lies with the victim. Intentional infliction of emotional distress (“IIED”) is an alternative claim to defamation that plaintiffs may pursue and is a civil tort that involves conduct that is so terrible and outrageous that it causes severe emotion distress and trauma to the victim. Damages include economic and noneconomic losses. (3) D recklessly disregards the high probability that emotional distress will occur. However, today, most courts find liability only if: (1) The plane enters into the immediate reaches of the airspace (below federally-prescribed minimum flight altitudes); and (2) The flight substantially interferes with P’s use and enjoyment of his land (e. g. , by causing undue noise, vibration, and pollution). (2) Transfer to third party: D can also commit conversion by transferring a chattel to one who is not entitled to it. Security, Unique (3) D puts an object on (or refuses to remove an object from) P’s land without permission. Requires a balancing of factors between the harms & benefits of that which is creating the nuisance. A negligent defendant in an NIED case may not even know that the victim … ix) Liberty: One person cannot give away the right to liberty of another. D said, “If you want to know the price, you’ll have to find out the best way you can … you stink to me. Some jurisdictions refer to IIED as the tort of outrage. Where plaintiff alleged facts that make it plausible that police officer defendants could have intervened to prevent the use of excessive force, defendants' 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss claims for excessive force and intentional infliction of emotional distress are denied, but a motion to dismiss the conspiracy claim is allowed … ii) Intent: It is not necessary that D desires to harm P. D has the necessary intent for battery if it is the case either that: (1) D intended to cause a harmful or offensive bodily contact; or (2) D intended to cause an imminent apprehension on P’s part of a harmful or offensive bodily contact. There is no clarity in defining what an “outrageous” act is. This is not trespass to land. ) viii) Threat to third persons: P must have an apprehension that she herself will be subjected to a bodily contact. Second, the actor must either intend that his conduct inflict severe emotional distress, or know that there is at least a high probability that his conduct will cause severe emotional distress. (a) Garratt v. Dailey – Brian Dailey, five years old, pulls a chair out from under P as she is sitting down. (Example: D points a water gun at P, making it seem like a robbery, when in fact it is a practical joke. (6) He acts with the desire to affect the plaintiff, but for an entirely permissible or laudable purpose. g) Trespass to Land i) Definition: As generally used, “trespass” occurs when either: 11 Torts Outline (1) D intentionally enters P’s land, without permission. If P has a “glass jaw,” which is broken by the light blow, D has still “intended” to cause the contact, and the intentional tort of battery has taken place, even though the consequences – broken jaw – were not intended. ) . c) Battery i) Definition: Battery is: 1) intentional, (2) harmful or offensive (3) contact with the (4) plaintiff. ”) (1) Whittaker v. Sandford – D induces P to sail with him from Syria to America, promising to let P off the boat as soon as it arrives in the U. S. The boat arrives at a U. S. port, but D refuses to give P a rowboat so that she can leave the yacht. This is typically done by a defendant vocally issuing the threat of future harm to a plaintiff. Cmty. Please, specify your valid email address, Remember that this is just a sample essay and since it might not be original, we do not recommend to submit it. ” 10 Torts Outline (1) Example: D, as a practical joke, tells P that her husband has been badly injured in an accident, and is lying in the hospital with broken legs. The bullet hits someone (intentionally or unintentionally? ) Attempted battery = assault. (Example: D threatens to shoot P, and leaves the room for the stated purpose of getting his revolver. This is probably not false imprisonment.). The evidence at trial shows that he did not desire that she hit the ground, but he may have known with substantial certainty that she was trying to sit, and would hit the ground. (1) Example: D, a bill collector, threatens to punch P in the face if P does not pay a bill immediately. Emotional Distress Definition. If someone causes emotional distress by exercising their legal rights, it doesn’t count as intentional infliction of emotional distress. ” All that the intentional torts have in common is that D must have intended to bring about some sort of physical or mental effect upon another person. Torts is a fault-based system. Children are liable for intentional torts. (2) Intentional disfigurations of corpses. (1) Intended apprehension: First, D intends to put P in imminent apprehension of the harmful or offensive contact, even if D does not intend to follow through (e.g. It is different from intentional infliction of emotional distress (IIED) because NIED does not … This rule applies in the “transferred intent” situation as well. A successful claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress will require proving: The defendant’s conduct was outrageous, The defendant intended to cause harm or acted with reckless disregard of the likelihood of causing distress, and The victim suffered severe emotional distress because of the defendant’s conduct. (1) Example: D wants to have sex with P, and locks her in his bedroom for two hours hoping that P will agree. Intentio Inservire Debet Legibus, Non Leges Intentioni, 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act of 2003, Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress. D has committed conversion, even though D did not end u, 47 Bergen St--Floor 3, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA, Sorry, but copying text is forbidden on this D has the necessary intent for battery. xi) Criminal v. civil (tortious) assault: (1) Criminal: A victim need not have an apprehension or fear of contact. The body of law is shifting to recognize not only bodily harm, but also serious, unprivileged, intentional invasions against emotional and mental tranquility. Intentional infliction of emotional distress or mental distress is a tort claim for intentional conduct that results in mental reaction such as anguish, grief, or fright to another person’s actions that entails recoverable damages. (1) If you intend to be on another’s property, it is trespass. D has not committed an assault on P. ) The circumstances must create in the mind of the party alleging the assault a well-founded fear of imminent battery, coupled with the apparent present ability to effectuate the attempt. Browse US Legal Forms’ largest database of 85k state and industry-specific legal forms. (2) D’s good or bad faith. ix) Conditional treat: Where D threatens the harm only if P does not obey D’s demands, the existence of an assault depends on whether D had the legal right to compel P to perform the act in question. 4 Torts Outline iv) Extends to personal effects: Battery may be committed not only by contact with plaintiff’s body, but also contact with her clothing, an object she is holding (e.g. (2) Unless there is a legal guardianship (3) Unless there is mental incapacity. An IIED defendant focuses on hurting the victim either physically or psychologically, or acts without regard for that harm. Generally, the conduct must be very extreme or outrageous in nature to … (1) Example: D steals P’s car, then seriously (though not irreparably) damages it in a collision. (Example: D commits suicide by slitting his throat in P’s kitchen. (3) Act distinguished from consequences: Distinguish D’s act from the consequences of that act. “Liability of employer, supervisor, or manager for intentionally or recklessly causing employee emotional distress—defamation, invasion of privacy, and employer's alleged misuse of company procedures” 38 ALR 6 th 541. ii) Distinguish: (1) The intent to do an act. (3) City of Newark v. Eastern Airlines – P’s claimed that airline D was flying so low to their property as to constitute a nuisance and a trespass to land. Held, a trespass to land must include: (1) an invasion affecting an interest in the exclusive possession of one’s property; (2) an intentional doing of the act which results in the invasion; (3) reasonable foreseeability that the act done could result in an invasion to plaintiff’s possessory interest; and (4) substantial damage to the res. (3) Hardy v. LaBelle’s Distributing Co. – Plaintiff’s manager took P to an office and closed the door. ” This is probably not an assault, if D does not make any gestures like forming a fist or stepping towards P. ) (1) Special circumstances: However, the surrounding circumstances, or D’s past acts, may occasionally make it reasonable for P to interpret D’s words alone creating the required apprehension of imminent contact. We treat those whose mental capacity is diminished as adults. (a) One person cannot give away the rights to liberty of another unless there is (1) a power of attorney, or (2) legal guardianship, or (3) mental incompetency. (Example: D, a pilot, loses control of the aircraft, and the aircraft lands on P’s property. “The intentional snatching of an object from one’s hand is as clearly an offensive invasion of his person as would be an actual contact with his body. For example, he is liable when he shoots to freighted A (assault) and the bullet unforeseeably hits a stranger (battery). With respect to the medical community, there is no general right to take away the liberty of others. Example: there is no assault where the P did not know that a gun was aimed at him with the intent to shoot him. Damages for emotional distress have been permitted only where there are some means for assuring the validity of the claim. The term emotional distress damages refers to the monies awarded to a plaintiff in a case wherein that person has suffered a severe psychological impact as the result of the actions of another person. v) Awareness: P must know of confinement: P must either be aware of the confinement, or must suffer some actual harm. (Alcorn v. Anbro Engineering, Inc (1970) 2 Cal.3d 493, 497-498. She does not, and D lets her go. The underlying concept is that one has a legal duty to use reasonable care to avoid causing emotional distress to another individual. Through this lesson you will: Through this lesson you will: The person suffering from extreme emotional distress can sue the other party for the harm done to them. D is liable to B for the intentional tort of battery. ) 2) Intentional Torts a) Assault, battery, false imprisonment, trespass to chattels, and trespass to land. h) Trespass to Chattels i) Definition: “Trespass to chattels” is defined as any intentional interference with a person’s use or possession of a chattel. (Example: D buys an old painting from an art dealer, and reasonably believes that the art dealer has good title. D throws a stick at Smith or X, and accidentally hits P. Held, assuming that D used an unreasonable degree of force, he is liable to P, even though it was not P he was trying to hit. Legal Definition of Emotional Distress. (Example: P sees D raise a pistol at P’s husband. iv) Actual severe distress: P must suffer severe emotional distress. If D has intended to put P in fear of imminent harmful bodily contact, the intent for assault is present, even though D intended no harm to P.) (2). Intentional infliction of emotional distress (IIED; sometimes called the tort of outrage) is a common law tort that allows individuals to recover for severe emotional distress caused by another individual who intentionally or recklessly inflicted emotional distress by behaving in an "extreme and outrageous" way. Held, False imprisonment is the direct restraint of one person of physical liberty by another without adequate legal justification. x) Transferred intent: Intending any of the intentional torts and completing another…intent was transferred and defendant is liable. (2) D remains on P’s land without the right to be there, even if she entered rightfully. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress The Defendant’s conduct must be “extreme and outrageous”. P cannot recover for assault, because she did not fear a contact with her own body.). Pacific Maritime Association (2013) 216 Cal.App.4th 283: (Appellant also argues the evidence underlying her retaliation claim is sufficient to meet the conduct element of her intentional infliction of emotional distress claim…[A]ppellant's argument fails as to the intentional infliction claim. Held, false arrest (imprisonment) arises when one is taken into custody by a person who claims but does not have proper legal authority. D has committed a battery. ) Working 24/7, 100% Purchase (4) Enright v. Groves – Woman in car/police officer arrests her for not producing license. Not All Mental Anguish is Compensable. If one exit of a room or a building is locked with a plaintiff inside, but another reasonable means of exit is available, there is no imprisonment. (2) Negligence: If D negligently enters P’s land, this is generally treated, as the tort of negligence, not trespass. Transferred intent only applies to intentional torts. Courts expect a “tough skin. GET YOUR CUSTOM ESSAY (3) In comparative fault, children plaintiffs are given credit for their modified capacity as minors. Calling the cops on a neighbor who breaks the law won’t leave you responsible for the mental distress they encounter as a result of legal action, for example. (i) For IIED, the conduct must be directed at the plaintiff (contrast with negligent infliction of emotional distress). (Example: A intentionally punches B in the nose. Tinker v. Des Moines Indep. ” The test is whether or not the contact was permitted by the plaintiff. While she was there, P’s managers questioned P about stealing a watch. Held, D has committed the tort of assault, even though P was not touched. website. P sued for IIED and for the physical ailments he suffered. D physically and verbally mimicked his handicap. (Example: D takes P’s car for a five-minute “joy ride,” and returns it unharmed. of Missouri, Inc., 732 S.W.2d 212, 213 (Mo.App.1987). “Recklessness” by D is not enough. This is assault. ) The tort of false imprisonment cannot be committed merely by negligent or 7 Torts Outline reckless acts. (b) High likelihood: But if it is merely “highly likely” and not “substantially certain,” that the bad consequences will occur, then the act is not an intentional tort. If the defendant intends any one of these and any one of these occurs, he is liable. The intentional infliction of mental distress upon another is a form of battery to the emotions. Dist. (Example: D kisses P while she is asleep. D has one of the two alternative intents required for assault – the intent to put P in imminent apprehension of a harmful or offensive contact – so the fact that D does not desire to “harm” P is irrelevant.). Some jurisdictions refer to IIED as the tort of outrage. Conversion is about usage (does not require damage). Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress Elements When a person is injured, he or she may be able to recover compensation for damages by filing an injury claim. , a cane), etc. Generally, it should be so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community. Negligent infliction of emotional distress is defined as the causing of severe emotional trauma due to negligent action. Sch. v) Other factors: (1) Trespass requires some sort of damage, but not always. Intentional infliction of emotional distress (IIED) is a tort claim of recent origin for intentional conduct that results in extreme emotional distress. Like a battery, it is caused by intentional conduct that carries a strong probability of causing mental distress to the person at whom it is directed. ii) Intent: Conversion is an intentional tort, but all that is required is that D have intended to take possession of the property. Convenient, Affordable Legal Help - Because We Care! SAMPLE. This definition can … 12 Torts Outline (3) Nuisance: Something that interferes with the enjoyment of the land. D, standing behind the counter says, “if you will come back here and let me love you and pet you, I will fix your clock. He rides a horse, which runs away with him and runs the plaintiff down. (3) The defendant does not act. Intentional infliction of emotional distress or mental distress is a tort claim for intentional conduct that results in mental reaction such as anguish, grief, or fright to another person’s actions that entails recoverable damages. D keeps the painting in his house for 10 years. vii) Automatic examples of intentional infliction of emotional distress: (1) Intentional false reports of death. If … Intentional infliction of emotional distress (IIED; sometimes called the tort of outrage) is a common law tort that allows individuals to recover for severe emotional distress caused by another individual who intentionally or recklessly inflicted emotional distress by behaving in an “extreme and outrageous” way. 5 Torts Outline (2) Intent to make contact: Alternatively, D intends to in fact cause a harmful or offensive bodily contact. There must be a measurable increased in the disability. (2) I DE S ET UX v. W DE S – P runs a tavern with her husband. Actual and proximate causation of the emotional distress by the defendant's outrageous conduct. (2) Escape is unreasonable if: (1) it involves exposure of the person; (2) there will be material harm to clothing to escape; (3) there is danger of substantial harm; or (4) P does not know of its existence or it is not apparent. The defendant's conduct must be more than malicious and intentional; and liability does not extend to mere insults, indignities, threats, annoyances, or petty oppressions. vi) False imprisonment must be against the will of the plaintiff. If so, he meets the intent requirement for battery. There is no strict liability. (a) Trespass to land is about possession and nuisance is about use. (Example: D refuses to allow P to return to her own home. In New Jersey Statutes 2C:12-10, emotional distress is defined as “significant mental suffering or distress.” While that specific definition is simply the one used for the purposes of that specific act, this should at least give you an idea of how the term is used in New Jersey law. Ill. 2009), "You have an excellent service and I will be sure to pass the word.". v) “Words alone” rule: Ordinarily words alone are not sufficient, by themselves, to give rise to an assault. Factors include: (1) Duration of D’s dominion over the property. There are three types of culpability by D: (1) D desires to cause P emotional distress. (2) Assault in tort: The victim must have an apprehension of contact and it is not necessary that the defendant have the actual ability to carry out the threat. D only has to pay damages, not the full value of the property (as in conversion below). ” D then leans across the counter, attempting to touch P. Held, it is a question for the jury whether or not the counter was so wide that D could not have leaned over and touched P. 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